GLOSSARY

OF

SHIPPING

A

AAAA : Always accessible and Always Afloat.

ABDNT Abandonment.

ABEAM: A direction at right angles to a ship fore- and- aft line .

ABOARD : On board a ship .

ABREAST: side by side ; alongside .

ABS OR A.B.S: American bureau of shipping .

ACCESS:Air Canada Cargo Enquiry Service system; Name of a credit card used in the UK.

A.C.F.A: Air charter forwarders Association .

A.C.I.I: Associate of the Chartered insurace Institute .

ACTC: Aeronautical Chartering and Information Center USA.

A.C.I.T: Associate of the common wealth Institute of Transport.

ACL: Associated container lines .

ACMET OR A.C.M.E.T: Advisory council on middle east Trade .

A COMPTE : french - On account ; part payment ; Payment by instalments.

ACRE : An area of 4,840 square yards .

ACT OF GOD:An inevitable event occurring without the intervention of man-such as flood,tempest,or death-operating in case of certain contracts ,such as those of insurers or carriers .

ACT OF OMISSION OF SHIPPER OR OWNER OF THE GOODS OR AGENTS : An excepted peril of the sea in the carriage of goods by sea Act 1924 subsequently amended . the carrier is exonerated or any consequences due to omission or carelessness on the part of the shippers or his/ their agents .

ACT OF WAR :An excepted peril of the sea in the Carriage of goods by sea Act 1924 , subsequently amended , which inclubes wars of all nations . the nationality of the ship is immaterial .

ACTUAL TOTAL LOSS: Abbrev . ATL or A.T.L . this relates to an insurance policy and can occur in any of four ways : (1) the property is completly destroyed ; (2) the owner is irretrievably deprived of the property ;( 3) Goods change their character to such a degree that they can be said to be no longer the thing insured by the policy; (4) the subject matter of the insurance , be it ship or goods on board the ship, is recorded as ‘missing ’at Lioyd’s .

ACWRRE OR A.C.W.R.R.E: American Cargo War Risk Reinsurance Exchange .

ADA: Adelaide , Australia .

ADCOM OR AD. COM OR ADCOM : Adderss commission

ADD OR A.D.D : Average Due Date.

AD HOC :Latin - for a particuar occasion ; for a special purpose .

ADMIRALTY LAW : Maritime law

ADMIRALTY MEASURED MILE : 6,080 FEET or 1,853 . 184 metres as distinguished from the nautical mile of 6,045.95 ft . or 1,842.8055 m.the mean nautical mile is 6,076.91 ft . or 1,852 .242 m. Abbrev AMM or A.M.M

ADR OR A.D.R : Agreement of Carriage of dangerous Goods by Road .

AD VALOREM: According To The Value .

AD VALOREM FREIGHT:Freight paid in accordance or in relation to the value of the merchandise shipped .this is generally based on a percentage against the cost of the shipped cargo .

ADVANCE FREIGHT OR FREIGHT PAID IN ADVANCE OR FREIGHT PREPAID : Freight which is paid against the delivery or handing over of the original bills of lading to the sipper or consignor by the carrier or the agent .

ADVICE NOTE : A note more or less on a commercial basis sent by the supplier / consignor to the customer/ consignee giving him advance information regarding the quantity and other details of the goods to be despatched eigher by air , sea or land .

ADV. PMT: Advance payment .

AFB OR A.F.B : Air freight Bill

A.F.C.A.I : Associate fellow of the Canadian Aeronautical Institute .

AFD: Auxiliary Floating Drydock .

AFDM: Auxiliary floating Drydock Medium.

AFLOAT : The act of remaining on the surface of a liquid and not touching the bottom or ground .

AFRAMAX : A ship up to a maximum of 79,999 metric tons deadweight capacity which can economically and commercially pass through the Panama Canal .

AGI OR A.G.I : American Geographical Institute .

AGROUND : A ship is termed ‘ aground ’ when she touches hard ground . see AFLOAT .

AHEAD : A forward direction in the line of a vessel’s fore - and aft line

AIR DRAFT ( DRAUGHT ) : the height of a ship taken from the summer loadline to the top of the mast .

AIRWAYBILL OR AIR WAYBILL OR AIR FREIGHT BILL : A document similar to a bill of lading , q.v ., but utilised for the transportation of merchandise by air freight .

AK : Alaska , USA .

AL : Alabama , USA

ALB: Albania

ALEX : Alexandria , Egypt .

ALG: Algeria ; Algiers .

ALLEYWAY : A ship’s internal passageway or corridor

ALL TOLD : The total deadweight of the ship. This includes the full weight capacity of the holds , bunkers, spares , provisions , water, etc., on board .

ALOFT : Nautical - Above decks ; On a mast or rigging .

ALPHATime :Greenwich Mean Time or Universal Time plus one hour . Abbrev . A. Time .

ALWAYS AFLOAT OR ALWAYS SAFELY AFLOAT : A charterparty clause which stipulates that the ship is to berth for loading or discharging without touching the bottom of the sea / river / lake , etc .

AMERICAL BUREAU OF SHIPPING OR AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING STANDARDS : An American ship classification society similar in function to lloyd’s Register of Shipping (UK ) and other such organizations .

AMIDSHIPS : (1) Midway between port and starboard sides of a ship (2) Midway between stem and stern of a ship.(3) The middle of the ship .

ANAFC : Association of north Atlantic Freight Conferences .

ANCH : Anchor ; Anchored .

ANCHORAGE : A place where a ship may be anchored or berthed .

ANG: Angola , Africa .

ANNUAL LOAD LINE CERTIFICATE OR PLIMSOLL LINE : An annual certificate issued by shipping authorities or the Classification society of the registered ship giving the various load line markings on either side amidships , beyond which she cannot be submerged when loaded .

APPAREL : The equipment of a ship such as anchors , chain cables ; derricks ; lifeboats ; ropes and other ship’s gear .

APPLE ISLE : Another name for Tasmania lsland .

ARA OR A.R.A: Antwerp / Rotterdam / Amsterdam range of loading / discharging ports in a charterparty .

ARCHIBENTHIC ZONE : That part of the area of sea water from 200 to 1.000 metres in depth . see Abyssalbenthic zone which is depper than a thousand meteres .

ARG : Argentina .

ARRIVED SHIP : A shipping phrase in conjunction with the agreed terms of the charterparty . A ship has ‘ arrived’ when she is within precincts of the port .

ASA OR A.S.A : Always safely Afloat .

ASEAN OR A.S.E.A.N : Association of south east Asian Nations , comprising Indonesia , Malaysia , Philippines , singapore and Thailand .

ASF OR A.S.F : Associate of the institute of shipping and Forwarding Agents .

ASHORE : On the land

ASL : Above sea level

ASTERN : A backward direction in the line of a vessel’s fore - and aft line ; behind . if a vessel moves backwards it is said to move astern . Opposite to ahead .

A. T : Atlantic Time

ATA OR A.T.A : Actual Time of Arrival ;

ATD OR A.T.D : Actual Time of Departure

ATRS OR A.T.R.S : American Tanker Rate schedule .

ATSBE OR A.T.S.B.E: All Time saved Both Ends.

ATSDO OR A.T.S.D.O : All Time saved Discharging Only.

AUS : Austria ; austrian ; australia

AUSTWHEATOR AUSTWHEAT : Code name form for Australian Grain Charterparty 1856 as agreed with the Australian wheat Board in November 1956 .

AUTO FERRY : A ferry boat for carrying vehicles .

AWTS OR A.W.T.S: All working Time saved .

AWTSBE OR A.W.T.S.B.E : All Working Time saved Both ends.

AWTSLO OR A.W.T.S.L.O : All working Time saved Loading Only ,q.v .

B

BACKFREIGHT OR BACK FREIGHT : The owners of a ship are entitled to payment as freight for merchandise returned through the fault of either the consignees or the consignors , such payment , which is over and above the normal freight , is called backfreight .

BAH: BAHAMAS

BALLAST : Heavy substances loaded by a vessel to improve stability , trimming , sea keeping and to increase the immersion at the propeller .

BALTIC INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT FUTURES EXCHANGE : An international insurance market system against future adverse price movements in the shipping industry . this provides an effective price production . it has been formed by the Baltic Exhange , London , from where market prices are distributed worldwide via the international news agencies and officially made known to everyone in the market . Abbrev . BIFFEX .

BALTIC AND INTERNATIONAL MARITIME COUNCIL : The word ‘ council’ replaced the word ‘ conference’ during 1985 . A worldwide organisation of over 100 maritime nations consisting of shipowners , shipbrokers . merchants and others connected with shipping in general and united on all matters relating to the industry and divulging as well as rectifying unfair charges and claims .

BALTIME 1939 : Code name for Baltic & international Maritime council Charterparty

BALTIMORE FORM C : Baltimore Grain Charerparty, 1954 Carriage of Grains from E.C . North America to the continent.

BAREBOAT CHARTER OR DEMISE :Demise charter is the same as bareboat charter . though the former is not so much in vogue . the charterers hire or charter the ship for a long period , appoint the master and crew, and pay all running expenses .

BARGE : A flat bottomed wooden or steel vessel customarily used in commercial ship canals and in ports where ships are unable to load or unload on the quays due to shallow draught .

BBB : Before Breaking Bulk

B.CC : Bulk Cargo carrier

BCV: Barge carrying vessel.

BEACON : Lighthouse

BEAM : The registered breadth of a ship , measured from the outside of the hull amidships where the breadth of the tonnage deck is widest .

BEAUFORT SCALE : A scale of wind forces by use of numbers . it was devised by sir francis Beaufort in 1806 and revised in 1905 and 1926 , and is in universal use by seafarers .

BEFORE BREAKING BULK : Before a ship starts discharging or before opening the cargo hatches prior to discharging .

BERTH : A place in which a vessel is moored or secured

BLANK BILL OF LADING : A Bill of Lading . Where the name of the receiver or consignee is not inserted and is replaced by the world Bearer .

BLK OR BLK : Bulk

B.M. OR BMA : Bermuda

BOLLARD : Cylindrical Block of steel secured to the deck of a ship , quay , dock , wharf , etc . particularly used to secure mooring lines from ship to shore .

BOTTOM : Another maritime word for a ‘ship,

BOW: The fore part of a ship ; opposite to stern.

BRACKISH: A mixture of sea water and fresh water .

BRAZ: Brazil

BREACH OF CONTRACT : Infringement of contract when concluded

BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS OR BREAK EVEN POINT : The exact equalising part of income derived from the sale with that of the total cost. in which case no profit or loss in involved

BRIDGE : Erected structure amidships or aft or very rarely fore over the main deck of a ship to accommodate the wheelhouse .

BRIT : British ; Britain

BROKERAGE : Commission due to a broker or brokers, for services rendered in a successful business tansaction . Abbrev . Brkg.

BST OR B.S.T. : British standard Time .

BTM OR B.T.M. : Bottom .

BULK CARGO : Cargo shipped in loose condition and of a homogeneous nature . EX.grains . coal , iron ore . see Homogeneous cargo

BULKER , BULK CARRIER OR BULK CARGO CARRIER : Usual expression for a ship carrying loose cargo of a homogeneous nature in bulk .

BUNKERS : Fuel consumed by the engines of a ship ; compartments or tanks in a ship for fuel storge .

BWAD : Brackish Water Arrival Draft.

BY THE STERN : When the draft aft of a ship is greater than that forward . opposite to by the head .

C

CALIBRATION OF TANKS : Oil term meaning the measuring of tanks to check or establish their oil capacity .

CANADIAN WATER CARRIAGE OF GOODS ACT 1936 : The carriage of merchandise by sea which was enacted in 1936 relating to the transportation from any port in canada to other canadian or overseas ports .

CANAL DUES : A charge levied by port authorities .

CARGO- HANDLING : The act of loading and discharging a cargo ship

CARGO PLAN : A sketch or a plan of the ship showing the holds with detailed distribution of all cargoes on board for use by the chief officer.customs and port workers.

CARGO SHIP : A ship having holds with derricks above to carry cargoes

CARIBBEAN AREA : Includes Colombia . Venezuela . Trinidad and the Dutch islands of Aruba and Curacao .

CARNET : French word for log book .

CAST ANCHOR :To let go or throw or cast the anchor of a ship . also termed to Drop Anchor. opposite to Weigh Anchor .

Cbm OR CBM OR C.B.M. : Cubic Metre .

CBST : Clean Ballast segregated tank .

CDG OR C OF DG : Carriage of Dangerous goods .

CENTI STOKES : International unit measurement of fuel viscosity . Abbrev . CST OR C.S.T .

CHANDLER : A person who deals in the selling of provisions , dried stores ,etc simialr to ship suppliers or Ship Chandlers .

CHARTERER : A person or firm hiring a vessel for the carriage of goods or passengers or both .

CHARTERPARTY : A Contract of Affreightment , signed between the shipowner and the charterer whereby the former hires the vessel to the latter for the carriage of goods ,etc ., either for a period of time known as Time Charter or Demise or Bareboat Charter or voyage Charter

CHIEF OFFICER : The second in command of a ship .

CHOPT OR CHOPT : Charterers’ option .

CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES : Worldwide experienced and reputable societies which undertake to arrange inspections and advise on the hull and machinery of a Ship .

CLEAN BILL OF LADIING : A Bill of lading, which is given to shippers without any notations as to the condition of the merchandise carried .

CNASA OR C.N.A.S.A.: Council of North Atlantic Shipping Association .

COA OR C.O.A.: Contract of Affreightment .

COAMING : High raised rim around the hatchway of a hold or underdeck seamen’s accommodation to prevent the entrance of sea water .

COASTER :A small vessel,in some cases under 499tons gross,which trades from coast to coast.

COB OR C.O.B. : Close of Business .

C OF G H : Cape of Good Hope

COGSA OR C.O.G.S.A OR cogsa : Carriage of Goods By Sea Act - referring to the carriage of goods by sea Act 1936 USA.

CONGENBILL OR Congenbill : Code name for Chamber of Shipping Bill of Lading used in conjunction with charterparty 1976 for the carriage of timber cargoes from Germany to the UK

CONLINEBILL OR Conlinebill : Code name approved by the Baltic and International Maritime Council in 1976 for Liner Terms Bill of Lading .

CONSGT : Consignment.

CONTAINER : As the name implies this is a large rectangular or square container / box of a strong structure ( sometimes made of corrugated steel ) that can withstand continuous rough handling from ship to shore and back .

CONTAINERISATION : The way or process in stowing and forwarding cargoes by using containers.

CONTINENT: Georaphical and shipping word referring to The range of ports from hamburg to Bordeaux , both inclusive .

CONTROLLING HOLD : The cargo hold of a ship which has the largest cubic capacity compared with the other holds.

COUNCIL OF LLOYD’S : The most famous insurance marker in the world , lloyd’s of london has many facets . it is at once a society of underwriters , a corporation , a world centre of marine intelligence and an important specialist publishing house for maritime and legal affairs .

COURTESY FLAG : A flag displaying the national colours of the port where the ship is entering .

C/P : Charterparty .

CPD OR C.P.D. OR c.p.d : Charterers pay Dues.

CPHA OR C.P.H.A. : Canadian port and Harbour Association .

CRAFT : A ship or a vessel individually or collectively

CRANE : A stationary or mobile mechanical contrivance for lifting and lowering weights .

CREW : The personnel engaged on board ship, excluding master and officers and the passengers on passenger ships.

C.RICA : Costa Rica

CROSS THE LINE : Said when a ship or a person crosses the Equator.

CSCC OR C.S.C.C. : Cargo ship construction certificate.

CSISC : Cargo Ship Safety Certificate Interim .

CSP & I A OR C.S.P.& I.A. : Chartered Shipbrokers Protection and Indemnity Association .

CSSEC OR C.S.S.E.C.: Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate .

CTI : Container Transport International .

CTLO OR C.T.L.O. : Constructive Total Loss Only .

CUBIC CAPACITY : The number of cubic feet or cubic metres in the cargo holds or spaces of a ship .

CUM GR. BL : Grain / Bale capacity in cubic metres .

CUSTOMS DUTY : Duty paid to the customs authorities to allow any dutiable merchandise to enter the country for home use and consumption .

CUSTOMS TARIFF : A detailed list of merchandise showing the rate of tax or duty enforced against each individual item when imported into a country .

C.W.B: Canadian wheat Board .

Cy OR CY : Container Yard .

CY /CY :Container Yard / Container Yard .Container is delivered from one yard to another or other yards .

CZ OR CZECH : Czechoslovakia .

D

d.a.a. OR D.A.A: Discharge Always Afloat .

DAILY OPERATION COST : Daily running expenses of a vessel or any other business organisation . Abbrev DOC OR D.O.C.

DAMAGES : Legal compensation paid to an aggrieved party in a deed or contract

DAMAGES FOR DETENTION : In the absence of any special provisions such as laytime ,in a charterparty., the carrier or owner of the ship has the legal right in the form of damages for detention .

D.B: Double Bottom .

DBEATS OR D.E.B.E.A.T.S. : Despatch payable Both Ends All Time saved .

DBWTS OR D.B.W.T.S. : Despatch payable Both Ends on working Time saved .

dd or Dd : Delivered; Dated

DDD OR D.D.D. : Deadline Delivery Date .

D .1/2.D :Despatch Half Demurrage.

DEADFREIGHT or DEAD FREIGHT : The space booked by a Broker or charterer to load cargo on a ship and for some reason or other it is not used .

DEADWEIGHT or DEADWEIGHT CAPACITY OR DEADWEIGHT TONNAGE OR WEIGHT ALL TOLD : The total weight which a ship can carry , including cargo , provisions , fuel, stores , bunkers, crew , spares , etc ., up to her plimsoll Line or Marks. Alternatively the differnce between light and loaded displacement .

DEEP LOAD LINE : The immersion mark on the sides of a ship when she is fully loaded with cargo . Abbrev . DLL or D.L.L .

DELIVERY ORDER : A written order issued by the owners or agents of the ship authorising the Delivery Clerk and /or the customs officers to release the goods discharged from the vessel .

DEM : Demurrage.

DEMURRAGE :Amount of money paid to the shipowner by the charterer , shipper or receiver , as the case may be , for failing to complete loading and / or discharging within the time allowed in the voyage charterparty .

DEPTH MOULDED : The measured distance taken vertically at the middle side of the ship from keel to freeboard deckside .

DERRICKS : The boom of a vessel particularly connected with the lifting of cargoes

DESP : Despatch .

DESPATCH MONEY:The charterers are given an agreed sum or equivalent as a remuneration for their efforts in saving laydays during the time of loading or discharging .

DESTINATION:The ultimate place or port .

DEVIATION : Departure from the anticipated route .

D/F or DF OR d.f: Deadfreight

DFT : Draft or Draught.

DIRTY BILL OR DIRTY BILL OF LADING OR CLAUSED BILL OF LADING OR UNCLEAN BILL OF LADING : If The Bill of Lading has any remarks inserted on it as to condition or quality , it is said to be a Dirty Bill or Dirty Bill of Lading or as above .

DIRTY SHIP : A tanker which has been carrying dirty or unrefined oils .

DISBURSEMENTS : Expenses incurred in a port against the general expenses of the vessel these include wages , loading and /or discharging bunkers . water , provisions , customs clearance , port and quay dues , pilotage , tugs and other pertinent costs .

DISEMBARKATION : when passengers or officers and crew of a ship or an aircraft leave .

DISPLACEMENT :Light or loaded displacement .the light displacement is the weight of the vessel either in long tons of 2240 lbs or in metrictons of 1000 kilogrammes.the loaded displeacement is the weight of the vessel plus stores , cargo , the weight of officers, and crew members as well as passengers if any . Abbrev. Displ .

DISPONENT OWNER : A person or company who controls the commercial operation of a ship , responsible for deciding the ports of call and the cargoes to be carried .

DITTO OR DO : Italian - The same

DIY : Do it yourself

D.N. OR D/N : Debit Note

D.N.V : Det Norske Veritas , Norwegian classificiation society

DO or D.O. : Deck officer ; diesel oil; delivery order.

DOCK : Sheltered place for ship’s anchorage or berth . may refer to harbour . it could also refer to a short dry dock or floating dock .

DOUBLE BERTH : A mooring or berth alongside another ship .

DRAFT OR DRAUGHT : Depth or height of the submerged part of a ship when she has no cargo . This is termed Light Draft (Draught) The Load or Loaded Draft is the depth up to which the ship is submerged when loaded.

DRC OR D.R.C. : Daily Running Cost

DRIVE ON / DRIVE OFF : similar to Roll on Roll off .

Dry CARGO :Merchandise other than liquid carried in bulk .

DRY DOCK : Large basin where all the fresh/ sea water is pumped out to allow a ship to dock in order to carry out underwater cleaning and repairing .

Dual - PURPOSE SHIP : Specially constructed ship able to carry different types of cargoes such as ore and / or oil .

DUES : Charges imposed by the port authorities for a ship’s use of docks , quays, canals , etc .

DUNNAGE : Various pieces of wood , logs or planks used for wedging between broken stowage in the holds of a ship to prevent the cargo shifting and to steady the whole group of packages . Dunnage is additionally useful as the spaces in between enable air to circulate around the cargo .

DWAT OR D.W.A.T:Deadweight All Told .

DYD OR D.Y.: Dockyard .

E

E.A.T: Earliest Arrival Time

ECA OR E.C.A: East Coast Africa

E.C.G.B: East Coasrt of Great Britain .

E.C.I: East Coast of Ireland .

E.C.N.A: East Coast of North America .

E.C.S.A: East Coast of South America .

ECUA OR EC: Ecuador .

E.C.U.K : East Coast the United Kingdom.

ECUAS : East Coast of the United States of America .

EDD OR E.D.D: Expected Date of Dlivery . .

E.E. OR E.O.E: Errors Excepted or Errors and Omissions Excepted .

E.E.T: Eastern European Time .

EG OR EGY : Egypt; Egyptian

E.H.W.S: Extreme Hight Water Level Spring Tides.

EI :East India .

EIU : Even if used.

E.L.R: Export Licence Regulations .

EMBARKATION : When officers , crew members and passengers are boarding a ship . it is the opposite of Disembarkation .

EMERGENCY BOAT : Life Boat ,

EMR OR E.M.R: Eastern Mediterranean Region .

EMU OR E.M.U. : European Monetary Unit .

E&NC : Eastern and Northern Canada .

ENE OR E.N.E. : East North East .

EN ROUTE ; french - On the way

EQUATOR : An imaginary line circumscribing the glode midway between the poles and at its greatest circumference (24,901.96 miles ) . it constitutes the zero from which latitudes North and South are calculated .

EST : Eastern standard Time; Eastern Coast of USA .

EST : Estonia

ETA OR eta OR E.T.A . :Estimated/ Expected Time of Arrival (referring to the time of arrival of a ship , train , aircraft, etc )

ETD OR E.T.D.: Estimated / Expected Time of Departure .

ETL OR E.T.L. : Estimated / Expected Time of Loading .

ETS OR E.T.S : Estimated / Expected Time of Sailing .

EURASC or EURASC : European Association of Classification Societies .

EVEN IF USED :Voyage charterparty expression ,referring to Laydays and Demurrage which are not to be accounted for even if used outside normal hours . Abbrev.EIU.

EVEN KEEL : When the Draft of a ship fore and aft are the same .

EX FACIA : Latin - in accordance with documents .

ECPANSION HATCH : Small hatch on the de deck of an oil tanker which provides access to the oil tankd . It has high Coming to allow for the volume expansion which take place at high temperatures.

EXPORT LICENSE : An appilcation form authorised by the Trade Department of a country to export goods .

EYE : A loop at the end of a rope .

F

f&a OR F & A : Fore and Aft .

fAC OR F.A.C. : Fast As can .

FAIRWAY : An area of deep water or a channel outside the entrance to a harbour used as a reference point mostly to take bearings for navigational purposes . similar to Mid- channel .

FAIRWAY SPEED : Speed to be observed by all traffic navigating within a fairway , q.v.

FAIR WIND : A favourable wind assists a ship in the course of her voyage .

FALLING TIDE : Decreasing depth of the water nautical .

FCL OR F.C.L. : Full Container Load .

FE OR F.E. : Far East .

FECT OR F.E.C.T. : Far East Conference on Tariffs.

FEET : In metric system one foot equals 30 .48 centimeters ; abbrev .ft

FELLOW SUBSIDIARIES : Sister companies or firms .

Ferticon OR FERTICON : Code name for Chamber of Shipping Charterparty 1942 , for the carriage of fertilizers .

FHEX OR F.H.E.X.: Fridays and Hoildays Excepted or Excluded ,.

FHINC OR F.H.I.N.C.: Fridays and Holidays Included .

F.I.F : Fellow of the Institute of Fuel .

FIFA OR F.I.F.A. : Fellow of the Institute of Shipping and Forwarding Agents.

FILD OR F.I.L.D. : Free in Liner Terms Discharge .

FIOS OR F.I.O.S. : Free in and out stowed .

FIOSPT OR F.I.O.S.P.T. : Free in and out spout Trimmed .

FIOST OR F.I.O.S.T. : Free in and out stowed and Trimmed .

FIXING A SHIP : To charter a ship

FIXING BROKER : A shipbroker who fixes ships for the transportation of cargo .

FLAT RATE : Constant rate of freight .

FLUSH DECK HATCHES : Hatches , which have no coaming . They are positioned on top of the lower Holds.

FOC OR F.O.C. : Flag of Convenience .

FONASBA OR F.O.N.A.S.B.A. : Federation of National Associations of Shipbrokers and Agents .

FORELAND : A cape or headlands .

FORESHORE : Level between high and low water marks .

FORWARDERS CERTIFICATE OF RECEIPT : Receipt made out by a forwarding agent for the goods received for shipment . Abbrev F.C.R

FR: France .

FREE IN & OUT :All expenses in regard to the loading and /or unloading of merchandise are borne by the shippers and / or receivers and free to the ship .

FREE STEM : Phrase implying that the loading is to start as soon as the vessel has arrived at her loading berth .

FREIGHT : Transportation charges for cargo carried by a ship .

FRIDGE SHIP or REFRIGERATED SHIP : A ship suitably fitted to rerceive frozen merchandise. These vessels (often referred to as ‘ reefers’)

FROM STEM TO STERN : A phrase meaning the whole length of the ship .

FUEL OIL : The heaviest grades of residual fuel used for marine and industrial purposes . the alternative word is Boiler Oil .

FULL AND DOWN : When a ship is fully loaded she is said to be full and down or down to her marks

FWAD OR F.W.A.D : Fresh Water Arrival Draft .

FYG&I : For your guidance and information .

G

G.A. OR GA : General Average .

GAB : Gabon , west Africa .

GALLEY : Cooking place or kitchen of a ship .

GANGWAY : A narrow platform of wood or metal having wooden bars or protective ropes either side which is used as a passageway for peole boarding or leaving .

GANTRY OR GAUNTRY : High level structute on the deck of a ship or on shore to support a moving crane on rails .

GAS : Gasoline .

GB OR G.B: Great Britain .

GCT OR G.C.T. : Greenwich Civil Time .

GEARLESS : Meaning a ‘gearless vessel’ Wich is a ship having no gears for lifting cargo .

GENCON : General purpose Voyage Charterparty,published by the Baltic and International Maritime Council ( BIMCO )

GENERAL AGREEMENT IN TARIFFS AND TRADE : International trade organisation with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland . The aim is to co-ordonate import duties and tariffs for the benefit of the member countries Abbrev. GATT OR G.A.T.T.

GENERAL CARGO : Mixed cargo consisting of various types of merchandise, such as cases of tinned fruit , vegetables , meats , fish , cartons of cigarettes , biscuits , bags of sugar , dried peas , etc. The most adaptable ship for this type of general cargo is a Tween Decker ,where the cargo can easily be sorted out In different layers and sections.

GEOGRAPHICAL MILE OR NAUTICAL MILE : One minute of great circle of earth , fixed by British Admiralty at 6080 feet or 1853 .13 metres .

GEOGRAPHICAL Rotation : A shipping term currently used in Charterparties , regarding the regular sequence of the geographical positions of the ports of loading and discharging .

GER : German ; Germany

GERMANISCHER LLOYD : West German ship classification society .

GK OR GR: Greek .

GLESS: Gearless.

GLP : Great lakes ports .

GMT OR G.M.T. : Greenwich Mean or Meridian Time .

gnp OR G.N.P. OR G.N.P.: Gross National Product .

GOODS : In Marine insurance this refers to merchandise but excluding personal effects as well as ship’s stores and provisions .

GPS OR G.P.S. : General Purpose Ship.

GRAB : Lifting equipment mostly used in loading / unloading bulk cargoes .

GRAINVOY : Code name for a Charterparty , for the carriage of grain from North America to the continent of Europe .

GREAT CIRCLES : The Equator , and the lines of Londgitudes .

GROUNDING : Deliberate contact by a ship with the bottom while she is moored or anchored as a result of the water level dropping.

GROSS REGISTERED TON /TONNAGE OR GROSS TONNAGE : The total of all the enclosed spaces within a ship , expressed in tons . each of which is equivalent to 100 cubic feet . Abbrev . GRT OR G.R.T.

GTD : Guaranteed .

GTEE : Guarantee .

GUAT : Guatemala .

GULF : Gulf of Mexico

H

HA : Haiti .

HA: Hectare .

HAGUE RULES : Rules governing the carriage of goods by sea and identifying the rights and responsibilities of carriers and owners of cargo . these rules were published in 1924 following an international conception and were subsequently given the force of law by many maritime nations.

HAGUE - VISBY RULES : A set of rules , amending the Hague Rules ( see above ) , published in 1963 and subsequently given the force of law by many maritime nations .

HAMBURG RULES : Rules governing the rights and responsibitlties of carrier and cargo interests which may be incorporated into a contract for the carriage of goods by sea either by agreement of the parties or statutorily .these rules were adopted by the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea in 1978

HANDLING CHARGES : Charges due to the shipping agents or forwarding agents for loading and / or unloading cargoes .

HANDYMAX : Dry bulk carrier of 35/50,000 tons d.w. which is popular for full efficiency ,flexibility and low Draft , drawing less than 12 metres or 39 feet .

HATCH : Widely used short form for hatch cover.

HATCH COAMING OR COAMING : Steel surround to a hatchway which rises vertically form the deck of a ship .

HEAVY GARGO : Cargo which is heavy in relation to its cubic volume .

HFO OR H.F.O : Heavy Fuel Oil

HMTA : Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1974 USA.

HO: Holds .

HO/HA : Hold / Hatch

HOL OR HOLL :Holland

HOLD : The underdeck space being below the lower deck in which cargo is placed .

HOME PORT : The Port of Registry of a ship where the interests of the owners are.

HOME TRADE : Trade or business done within short distances or limits of the country .

HOMOGENEOUS CARGO : Cargo of the same like or nature .

HON OR HOND : Honduras .

HULL : Shell or body of a ship

Hun . or HUNG : Hungarian ; hungary .

I

IADS : International Association of Drycargo Shipowners .

IADSO : International Association of Drycargo Shipowners Organisation.

IAN OR I.A.N. : International Association of Navigation.

ICJ OR I.C.J. : International Court of Justice

ICSLS or I.C.S.L.S.: International Convention Saving Life at Sea .

IFO OR I.F.O. : Intermediate Fuel Oil .

I.F.S.M.A.: International Federation of Ship Masters’ Associations .

ILLC or I.L.L.C.: International Load Line Certificate .

IML OR I.M.L. : International Maritime Law .

IMO OR I.M.O.: International Maritime Organization .

IN BALLAST OR ON BALLAST : A ship is said to be in or on ballast when she is without cargo and is partly filled with solid or liquid ballast for stability at sea .

INCOTERMS : International Commercial Terms .

IN AND / OR OUT : Goods that are carried below or above deck of a cargo ship .

INTASCALE : International Tanker Nominal Freight Scale Association Ltd (1962).

INTERIM : Latin - in the meantime ; Meanwhile . Temporary .

INTERMODAL : Sea , air , road , rail and any other means of transportation .

INTERNATIONAL Association of Classification Societies : An association of major classification societies whose principal aim is the improvement of standards of safety at sea Abbrev. IACS or I.A.C.S .

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION : This is the new name of the inter - Governmental Maririme Consultative Organization , A United Nations agency concerned with safety at sea . Its technical advice and assistance to various states concerning merchant marine activities is extremely helpful . Abbrev . IMO OR I.M.O .

INTERNATIONAL NAUTICAL MILE : A mile equivalent to 1852 metres or 6,076.12 ft

INTERTANKTIME: Inernational Tanker Time Charterparty .

INTERTANKVOY 76 : Code name for a Tanker Voyage Charterparty .

INWARD CHARGES : Charges relating to a vessel’s entry into a port . the charges relate to pilotage , port dues , mooring fees , tug assistance , etc .

IOFF : Independent Ocean Freight Forwarders .

IOPCF : Ineternational Oil Pollution Compensation Fund .

IOU OR I.O.U. : I owe you .

IR : Ireland .

ISL : Island .

ITF OR I.T.F. : International Transport wokers’ Federation .

ITINERARY : A list of all the ports at which a ship calls on a particular voyage to load and discharge cargo , often including the estimated arrival and sailing dates at each port .

ITMC OR I.T.M.C.: International Tonnage Measurement Convention .

ITOA OR I.T.O.A .: International Tanker Owner’s Association.

J

JAM : Jamaica.

JAP. : Japan .

JETTY : A mole, constructed to protect a harbour . Also a Quay or landing pier, see pier .

JOINT ACCOUNT : A bank account in the name of two or more persons .Abbrev . J/A or J.A.

JOINT SURVEY : Inspection carried out by a surveyor on behalf of two parties , the cost generally being borne by both .

JOOD : Junior Officer of the Deck USA .

JOOW : Junior officer of the Watch USA .

J.P: Jet Propelled .

JUNK : A flat - bottomed sailing boat used on chinese seas .

K

KD OR K.D. : Knocked Down .

KEEL : The lowest longitudinal timber of a vessel , on which framework of the whole is built up ; combination of iron plates serving same purpose in iron vessel .

KEEL DRAFT :Similar to Exrteme Draft .

KIP : A small anchor .

KN : Knot

KNOT : Unit of speed in navigation which is the rate of nautical miles per hour . one knot equals one nautical mile ( 6.080 feet or 1.852 metres ) per hour .

KOR : Korea .

KUW: Kuwait

L

LAKER: Type of ship which trades only in the Great Lakes of North America .

LANDFALL : First sighting of land from a ship at sea .

LANDING CRAFT : A flat bottomed vessel having a low Draft to allow her to enter into shallow and / or to run aground on sandy deaches .

LASH : To secure with wire or line .

LAT. : Latitude .

LAT / DEF : Latent Defect .

LAUNCH : To cause a ship to slide into the water for the first time .

LAY/CAN : An abbreviation for laydays cancelling.

LAYDAYS : Days allowed by the shipowner to the voyage charterer or bill of lading holder in which to load and / or discharge the cargo

LAYDAYS CANCELLING : Period during which the shipowner must tender notice of readiness to the charterer that the ship has arrived at the port of loading and is ready to load . this period is experssed as two dates , for example , laydays 25 March cancelling 2 April or , when abbreviated to laycan , laycan 25 March/2 April .

LAY- OFF : A slack time in industry or business . A vessel which anchors outside a harbour.

LAY -UP : Temporary cessation of trading of a ship by a shipowner during a period when there is a surplus of ships in relation to the level of available cargoes .

LBP or L.B.P. :Length Between Perpendiculars.

LCL OR L.C.L : Less Than Container Load .

Ldg G AND Dely : Landing and Delivery .

Ldn : London , UK .

LDT OR L.D.T.: Light Displacement Tonnage.

Leb : Lebanon .

Levant :Eastern Mediterranean counties .

LFO OR L.F.O. : Light Fuel Oil .

LGFM OR L.G.F.M.: London Grains Futures Market .

Lib : Liberia .

LIBA OR L.I.B.A. : Lloyd’s Insurance Brokers’ Association .

LIBOR OR L.I.B.O.R. : London Inter - Bank Offering Rate .

LIEN : A legal right by which a person is entitled to obtain satisfaction of a debt by means of property belonging to the person indebted to him.

LIFFE : London International Financial Futures Exchange .

LI/ FO : Liner in Free out .

LIGHT Displacement Tonnage : The weight of a ship’s hull,machinery , equipment and spares

LIGHT DRAFT :The Draft ( Draught ), of a ship when she is completely empty of cargo .

LIGHTEN A SHIP OR LIGHTENING A SHIP : To remove cargo from a ship in order to reduce her draugtht .

LIGHTER : A type of barge used to carry To a port part of the cargo of an ocean ship .

LINER : A cargo - carrying ship which is operated between scheduled , advertised ports of loading and discharge on a regular basis .

LINERTIME : Deep sea time charterparty , published by the Baltic and Inernational Maritime Council ( bimco ) , used when ships are chartered for liner operation .

Lith : Lithuania.

LME OR L.M.E. : London Market Exchange ; london Metal Exchange .

LMT OR L.M.T. : Local Mean Time .

LNGC OR L.N.G.C. : Liquefied Natural Gas Carrier .

LOA OR L.O.A.: Length Overall .

LOAD DRAFT OR LOAD DRAUGHT : The distance or height form the keel of the ship up to the load mark .

L.O.F.I. OR LOFI : Liner out / free in .

LOG ( BOOK ) :A book in which are recorded daily all events relating to the voyage of a ship, such as her position and speed and details of the weather .

Long : Longitude .

LONG TON : 2,240 Ibs .

LOOSE : Said of a consignment which consists of single pieces not bundled together .

LOT : Referring to parcels of cargoes . Ex. the whole consignment to be shipped in two or three lots .

LOW DENSITY CARGO : An aviation term for cargo that is light in relation to its volume . opposite to low stowage factor .

LOW- STOWAGE FACTOR : Heavy deadweight cargo opposite to Low Density Cargo , or High Stowage Factor.

LOWER HOLD : The area of a ship’s hold underneath the tween deck.

LOWER TWEEN DECK : The space for carrying cargo above the lower the lower hold of a ship and below the deck which dicides the upper hold .

LPGC OR L.P.G.C.: Llquefied petroleum Gas Carrier .

LR OR L.R. : Lioyd’s Register (lloyd’s Register of Shipping )

LR/LLP : Lloyd’s Register and lloyd’s of London Press Ltd ,source of shipping information .

LT BENDS OR LTBENDS : Liner Terms Both Ends.

Ltg . OR LTGE : Lighterage .

LUMP SUM : An agreed sum of money for freight or the like irrespecive of the amount of cargo carried.

LUNATION : The time from one new moon to the next , about 29 1/2 days.

Lux: Luxembourg.

M

MAIDEN VOYAGE : The first voyage of a newly built ship after she has undergone trials successfully .

MAIN DECK : The main continuous deck of a ship running from fore to aft;the principal deck ; the deck from which the freeboard is determined.

Mal.: Malaysia.

MALTA : An island in the Mediterranean midway between Gibraltar and Alexandria .

MANIFEST : A document containing a full list of a ship’s cargo , extracted from the bills of lading .

MANROPES: The ropes used as hand rails on a Gangway , or Hatch way.

MARINER: An alternative word for a sailor or seaman.

MARITIME DECLARATION OF HEALTH : A statment signed by the master of a ship that health conditions on board his ship are good . this statement is submitted on arrival at a port to the health authorities who will then grant free pratique.

MARPOL 73/78 : The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships,1973 ,as modified by the protocol of 1978 relating thereto.

MASTER : Commander of a merchant ship .when the ship is at sea he is responsible for navigation and management .He has to give an account in the log Book ,of all that happens during the voyage and at ports , etc .

MASTHEAD : The highest part of the mast of a ship .

MATE OR CHIEF MATE OR CHIEF OFFICER OR FIRST OFFICER : AN officer on a merchant ship who sees to the execution of the master’s commands and takes command in his absence .

MATE’S RECEIPT : A receipt made out by the first officer , stating the quantity and condition of goods loaded on board the ship .This document is given to the shipper and later exchanged for the bill of lading .

Mba. : Mombasa .

M.C.I.T.: Member of the Chartered Institute of Transport .

Mco : Morocco .

M’dise : Merchandise

M.DK : Main Deck .

MDO or M.D.O.: Marine Diesel Oil .

MEAN DRAFT or MEAN DRAUGHT : The average of the draughts forward and aft of a ship

MEAT SHIP : A Ship designed for the carriage of frozen meat .

Med or Medit : Mediterranean

MEDCON or Medcon : A voyage charterparty used for shipments of coal from the East coast of the U.K. It was devised by the Chamber of Shipping of the United Kingdom .

MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING :An official statement made out by the competent authorities in respect of actions to be fulfilled in due course . Abbrev . MOU .

MERBLANCH : Chamber of Shipping & White Sea Conference Charterparty for the carriage of wood to the United Kingdom .

MERCANTILE : Anything that is connected with commerce .

MERGER : An amalagamation of two or more companies to form one big organisation .

METHANE CARRIER : A ship designed to carry methane ( natural gas ) in liquid form .

Mex : Mexico

MFO or M.F.O. : Marine Fuel Oil ; Medium fuel Oil .

MFST : Manifest .

MH or M.H. : Main Hatch .

M.I.C.S. : Member of the Institute of Chartered Shipbrokers formerly A.I.C.S.

MIDSHIPS : Midway between fore and aft or stem and stern. Also experssed as amidships .

MILLU OR M.I.U.: Member of the Insittute of London Underwriters.

M.I.M.A: Member of the International Marine Association.

M.I.P: Marine Insurance Policy .

MISDESCRIBE (TO) : To provide incorrect information , as a shipowner , concerning a ship or ,as a shipper or charterer , concerning a cargo .

MIZZEN MAST : The aftermost mast of a three-masted ship .

Mkt: Market

MLWNT or M.L.W.N.T.: Mean Low Water Neap Tide.

MLWST OR M.L.W.S.T.: Mean Low Water Spring Tide .

MNT OR M.N.T. :Mean Neap Tide .

MOA or M.O.A: Memorandum of Agreement .

MOBILE CRANE : A general purpose crane capable of being moved around a port .

MOLCHOP or MOLCO : More or Less in Charterer’s Option.

MOLOO : More or Less in Owner’s Option.

MONKEY PLATE : A triangular metal plate having a hole at each corner linking three ropes or chains together .it is also termed Monkey Face .

MONSOON : Seasonal winds in Southern Asia, especially in the Indian Ocean . there are the wet monsoons from the Southwest during the Months of may up to September and the dry monsoons from the Northeast during the months of October up to December .

MOORING : The act of attaching a ship to the shore by means of ropes or cables.

MOORING LINE : A cable or line to tie up a ship .

MORTGAGE : A mortgage is the creation of an interest in property , defeasible ( i.e., annullable ) upon performing the condition of paying a given sum of money , with interest thereon , at a certain time .

MOTHERSHIP : A ship which performs the main ocean leg of a voyage , being fed by smaller ships or barges . in particular , this term is used when referring to a barge - carring ship .

MOULDED BREADTH : The maximum breadth of a ship measured from the insides of her plating .

MOULDED DEPTH : The vertical distance from the keel to the uppermost deck ,taken inside the ship’s plating .

Moz: Mozambique .

MP or M.P .: Member of parliament .

MPCF : Maririme Pollution Claim Fund .

MPH or mph or M.P.H.: Miles Per Hour .

M/R : Mate’s Receipt .

M.S.D.: Medium Speed Diesel (Engine)

M.S.T or M.T.S. or m.s.t.: Mean Spring Tide .

M.T : Motor Tanker .

MT or m.t.: Metric ton .

MTDAT or M.T.D.A.T.: Metric Tons Deadweight All Told .

MULTIDECK SHIP:A ship with several decks or levels,most suited to carrying general cargo.

MULTIPURPOSE SHIP : Any ship capable of carrying different types of cargo which require different methods of handling .

MUTTLER or MUZZLER : A strong headwind nautical .

MV : Motor Vessel .

M-WAY : Motorway .

N

N/A : Not Applicable .

NAABSA or N.A.A.B.S.A : Not Always Afloat But Safely Aground .

N.AFR : North Africa .

NARROW THE LAYCAN (TO ): To reduce the number of days between the first of the laydys and the last .

NASA : North Atlantic Shipping Association ; North Atlantic Space Agency .

NATIONAL FLAG or ENSIGN : The flag carried by a ship to show her nationality.

NATO : North Atlatlantic Treaty Organisation .

NAUTICAL : Pertaining to sea , seamen, navigation or ships . Abbrev . naut .

Nav. : Navigating ; Navigation; Navigational.

NAVIGATE : To direct the course of a ship or aircraft ; to sail over or up or down a sea or river

NAVY: An assemblage of ships, commonly ships of war; a fleet . the whole of a state’s ships of war with their crews and all the organisation for their maintenance .

NAWSZ : North Atlantic Winter Seasonal Zones .

N.B: Nota Bene italian - Note Well.

N.B.E . or N.BY.E.: North by East .

NCB or N.C.B .: National Cargo Bureau .

N.D.: Non- Delivery .

N.E.: North East .

Neap Tide : Tide whose range between high and low Water is at its lowest .

N.E by E.: North East by East .

N. E by W : North East By West .

NEGLIGENCE CLAUSE : A clause in a bill of lading or charterparty which seeks to relieve the shipowner or carrier of liability for losses caused by the negligence of his servants or agents .

NEGOTIABLE DOCUMETS : Documents which legally transfer the right of property from one or more persons to others .

N.E.OF : North East of .

NET CAPACITY : The actual deadweight cargo capacity a ship can carry .

Neth : Netherlands .

NET TONNAGE : The total of all enclosed spaces within a ship available for cargo, expressed in tons . each of which is equivalent to 100 cubic feet . Abbrev . nt or n.t or N.T or N/T . Also termed Net Register Tonnage or Net Registered Tonnage . Abbrev . NRT or N.R.T.

NEWF : Newfoundland . canada .

NEW JASON CLAUSE : A protective clause inserted into a charterparty or bill of lading which provides that the shipowner is entitled to recover in general average even When the loss is caused by negligent navigation .

NEW M . : New Mexico .

New WORLD : The USA and America as opposed to Old World,i.e.,Europe , Asia and Africa.

N.F. or N/F : No Funds.

n.f.a.: No further action .

NFPA : National Fire Protection Association USA.

Nicar : Nicarague.

Nig: Nigeria ; Nigerian.

NIHIL : Latin - Nothing .

NIOC: National Iran Oil Company .

NIPPON KAIJI KYOKAI : A Japanese ship classification society .

NMS : National Maritime Safety .

NNE or N.N.E : North North East .

NNP or N.N.P .: Net National Products .

NNW or N.N.W .: North North west .

NO : New Orleans . USA .

NOMINATED VESSEL:The specific vessel which has been designated for a particular voyage .

NON - NEGOTIABLE BILL OF LADING : A bill of lading which is not a signed , original bill of lading and which is therefore not capable of being used to transfer title in the goods descrilbed in it .

NON- REVERSIBLE LAYTIME : A term used in a voyage charterparty to signify that the time allowed to the charterer for loading is to be treated separately from the time allowed for discharging for the purpose of calculating demurrage or despatch .

N.O.R .: Notice of Readiness .

NORGRAIN or Norgrain : A voyage charterparty used for shipments of grain from the United States of American and canada . It’s full name is The North American Grain Charterparty and it is issued by the Association of Ship Brokers and Agents ( USA )

NORSKE VERITAS or Det Norske Veritas : The Norwegian ship classification society .

Norw : Norway ; Norwegian .

NOT ALWAYS AFLOAT BUT SAFE AGROUND : A provision in a charterparty that the charterer has the right to order the ship to a port where she may touch the bottom in safety . Abbrev. NAABSA .

NOTICE OF REDELIVERY : A written notice given by the time charterer to the shipowner giving the date when the ship is to be returned to the shipowner at the end of the period of the charter.

NOTIFY PARTY : The party , whose name and address appear in a bill of lading , who is to be notified by the shipping company or its agents of the arrival of the goods at the discharge port .

NRT or N.R.T. or n.r.t : Net Registered Ton or Ner Registred Tonnage .

NSEZ : North Sea Economic Zone .

NVOCC : Non - Vessel Owning Common Carrier .

NWA : North West Africa .

N.W. by N.: North West by North .

N.W. by W. : North West by West.

N.W.OF or N.W. of : North West of .

N.Y.: New Year ; New York .

N.Y.DOT : New York Department of Transportation .

NYSA : New York Shipping Association .

NYSBA : New York Stock Exchange .

NYT or N.Y.T.: New York Standard Time .

NZ : New Zealand .

O

OASIS : A fertile patch or area in a desert where water exists .

O/B: On Board .

OBO or O.B.O : Ore / Bulk / Oil Carrier or Oil/ Bulk / Ore Carrier.

Oc. B/L : Ocean Bill of Lading .

ODOROUS CARGOES : Cargoes which emit repugnant smells and which are therefore liable to contaminate others in the vicinity .

OFF CHARTER :When the time of a Charterparty expires and the owner takes over the vessel from the charterers.

OFFING : Towards the horizon . The most distant part of the sea that is visible by an observer.

OFF- LOAD : Another word for the discharge of cargo from a ship or of air parcels to reduce the overall load on an aircraft .

OFFSHORE : At a distance from the coastline of a country .

OIL BARGE : A river barge disigned for the carriage of oil cargoes .

OIL ENGINE : Lloyd’s Register notation indicating that the vessel is powered by a diesel engine.

OIL POLLUTION : The contamination resulting from the escape or discharge of oil from a vessel or any other property .

OIL PORT : A port whose main or only type of cargo handled is oil . often with deep water jetties to accommodate large oil tankers and with storage tanks and refineries .

OIL TANKER : A ship designed for the carriage of oil in bulk , her cargo space consisting of serveral , or indeed many , tanks . Size and capacity range from the ultra large crude carrier (u.l.c.c.) of over half a million tonne deadweight to the small coastal tanker . tankers load their cargo by gravity from the shore or by Shore pumps and discharge using their own pumps .

OMNIBUS : A passenger vehicle used for public services .

ON BOARD BILL OF LADING : Generally referred to as Shipped Bill of Lading . It is a bill of lading issued when the goods have been loaded on board the ship.

On Even Keel : When the fore and aft draughts of a vessel are equal .

ON PASSAGE : In transit or on the way to .

ON THE BERTH : When the ship is berthed and ready to receive or discharge cargoes .

ON THE BOW : Nautical term . Direction between right ahead and abeam .

ONCE ON DEMURRAGE ALWAYS ON DEMURRAGE : This is a voyage charterparty , , clause that covers the owners as far as demurrage , is concerned . Once a ship is on demurrage no deductions are made for excepted periods , such as weekends , in the calculation of the dumurrage charges ; hence it is said ‘ once on demurrage , always on demurrage .

ONE BOTTOM : The whole lot . Ex . To ship the whole cargo in one bottom , i.e.all in one vessel .

OPEC or O.P.E.C.: Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries.

OPEN : Said of a ship which is available as from a specified date at a particular place to steam to another port , if necessary , to load her next cargo ,having discharged the last one .

ORD or O.R.D .: Owner’s Risk of Damage .

ORDERS : A set of insrtuctions given or sent by the shipowner or ship operator to the master of a ship concerning the next voyage .

ORIGINAL BILL OF LADING : A bill of lading which bears the original signature of the master of a ship or his agent . It is exchanged for the goods at the place of destination of the contract of carriage .

ORLOP : The lowest deck of a ship.

OUTBOARD :External side of the ship’s hull as opposed to inboard , the inner side .

OUT OF GAUGE : Said of cargo whose dimensions exceed any of the external dimensions of the container in which , or on which , it is carried .

OUT OF TRIM : Ship not adequately trimmed or ballasted.

OUTTURN WEIGHT : The weight of a cargo ascertained when it is discharged form a ship . Freight on bulk cargoes is sometimes payable on the basis of this weight.

OUTWARD BILL OF LADING : This is simply a bill of lading, where goods are actually being exported to another country and not to a port of the same country .Abbrev.Outward . B/L.

O/V: On Voyage .

OVERAGE : An additional premium applied to a cargo which is carried by a vessel that is over 15 years old or is outside the limits set down in the classification clause .

OVERLAP : When the charterd ship is redelivered to her owners after the stipulated date .

OVERLOAD (T0 ) : To load a ship or vehicle with goods whose weight is in excess of that which the ship or vehicle is permitted by law to carry .

OVERSIDE DISCHARGE : The removal of goods from a ship directly on to barges using the ship’s cranes or derricks .

OVERSTOW (TO) :To stow one item of cargo on top of another in a ship .

OVERSTOW (TO ) : To stow one item of cargo on top of another in a ship .

OVERTIME : A period outside normal working hours when work , if required , is available at an extra cost .

P

Pac.Is : Pacific Island .

PACK ICE : Large areas of pieces of floating ice of a considerable size .

PACKAGE DEAL : A special deal or sale offer for a group of items , passengers , products or labourers contracted as a whole .

PAD or P.A.D.: Paymant Against Documents .

PAID UP SHARES : The actual money paid by the shareholders .See Paid Up Capital .

PAID UP SHARES : The actual money paid by the shareholders . see Paid up capital .

Pak : Pakistan ; pakistani .

PALLETIZATION : The method of loading goods on to Pallets .

Pan : Panama .

PANAMAX : The largest size of ship capable of transiting the panama Canal .

PAN CAN : Panama Canal .

PAPER MONEY : Bank notes , bill of exchage , and promissory notes . A system used the world over involving the issue of paper money in place of gold and silver coins as in the past . The paper has no value in itself but there is a declaration that the value will be honoured .

PARCEL TANKER : A tanker designed to carry several grades of liquid cargo including chemicals and refined oil products .

PARENT COMPANY : A company in control of other subsidiaries .Alternatively known as a Holding company.

PART CARGO : Goods which do not represent the entire cargo for a particular ship but whose quantity is sufficient to be carried on charter terms .

PARTNERSHIP : The relationship which exists between persons carrying on a business with a view to profit .

Pata: Patagonia.

PAYEE : One to whom a bill of exchange or promissory note or cheque is made payable .

PAYER : The person who pays.

PAY OFF : To discharge and pay all wages due to the crew by the master after the ship’s articles are terminated .

PCC or P.C.C. : Panama Canal Company .

Pcl : Parcel

PCNT : Panama Canal Net Tons.

PCTC : Panama Canal Tonnage Certificate .

P/E: Port of Embarkation .

P.E.I.: Prince Edward island , gulf of St . Lawrence , Canada .

PERIGEE : That point in a planet’s ( especially the moon ) orbit at which it is nearest to the earth . opposite to Apogee .

PERILS OF THE SEA : Maritime dangers such as collision , stranding , sinking , hitting submerged objects , etc.

PERP : Perpendicular .

PERMANENT DUNNAGE : Strips of timber fixed to the frames of a ship , often horizontally but somnetimes vertically , to keep cargo away from the sides of the ship , to avoid both damage and condensation . Also known as Cargo battens and spar ceiling .

Perp : Perpendicular .

PPD OR PPD : Prepaid .

Phil : philippines .

PHIL.I. or PHIL. Is. Philippine Islands .

PIER or JETTY : A protruding structure at right angles to the shore or riverbank built of wood, steel , concrete or stone at which ships can berth .

PIER TO PIER : Said of a Freight rate or service provided by a container shipping line whereby goods are received into the care of the line at the port terminal in the counrty of export and delivered to the consignee at the port terminal in the country of destination.

PILFERAGE : The act of stealing from cargo while in transit from the port loading until customs clearance at the port of delivery .

PILOT : A person who is qualified to assist the master of a ship to navigate

when entering or leaving a port .

PILOTAGE DUES : A fee payable by the owner or operator of a ship for the services of the pilot . this fee is normally based on the ship’s tonnage .

PIRACY : An assault on a vessel , cargo , crew or passengers at sea by persons owing no allegiance to a recognised flag and acting for personal gain .

PITCH OR PITCHING :The downward and upward movment of a ship at sea from fore to aft

PKD OR P.K.D. : Partially Knocked Down

PLATE BILL OF LADING : Bill of Lading, generally used for any merchandise from the River Plate .

PLATEFORM FLAT : A flat steel surface on to which awkward cargoes can be loaded for carriage in containerships . this flat has no ends or sides .

PLC : Public Limited Company

PLI : Periodical Loading Inspection .

PLIMSOLL LINE OR PLIMSOLL MARK : The summer load line of a ship , that is , the line painted on the sides of a ship which shows the maximum depth to which the ship’s hull may be immersed when in a summer zone .

P.M : Post Meridiem- latin - afternoon ;

Pna : Panama

POLE : Each of two terminal points ( positive , negative ) of electric cell , battery , ete . ; the North and South extremities of the earth’s axis .

POLICY : A documents containing a contract of assurance or insurance .

POLLUTION : Waste material in the form of liquids , dust , solids , odours , etc ., which create inconvenience to the general public as a whole . this can cause air , sea and soil pollution to the detriment of the health of all human beings . Shipowners, most especially tanker owners , are bound to insure their ships agains polluting the seas and shores .

PONTOON HATCH COVER : A large steel slab used to cover a hatchway and lifted on and off by a crane .

POOL : To share in common .

POOLING : The sharing of cargo or the profit or loss from freight by member lines of a liner conference . pooling arrangements do not exist in all conferences .

POOP : The aftermost and highest deck of a ship .

PORT : (1)A sheltered place from the open sea where a ship can enter to load or unload its merchandise . The major or principal ports are the registered places of ships . (2) The lefthand side of a ship when facing the bows . During darkness it is indicated by a red light .

PORT CLEARANCE : Customs permission for the master to take his vessel to sea

PORT DUES : A charge levied against a shipowner or ship operator by a port authority for the use of a port . Also called Harbour Dues.

PORT LINER TERMS : Cargo handling charges levied on the shipper by the shipping line at the port of loading .

PORT SAID : One of the chief ports in Egypt .

PORT OF CALL : The port nearest or commercially viable for a ship passing en route from port to port. Normally this port caters for bunkering , provisions and stores . Abberv . POC or P.O.C.

PORT OF REGISTRY : The place where a ship is registered with the authorithes , thus establishing her nationality . The name of the port is marked on the stern of the ship . see Name of ship .

POSITION CONTAINERS (TO) :To bring empty shipping containers to a location or area where they will next be loaded .

POST FIXTURE : Work carried out by a shipowner or shipbroker after the negotiations for the charter of a ship have been concluded . This includes payment of hire or freight , calculation of despatch or demurrage and the resolution of any disputes .

POTABLE WATER : Drinkable water .

PPB or P.P.B .: Parts Per Billion .

PPM or P.P.M.or p.p.m : Parts Per Million .

PPT or Ppt. : Prompt.

PR : Puerte Rico .

PRATIQUE : Permission granted by the authorities at port , being satisfied as to the state of health of those on board a ship on arrival , for them to make physical contact with the shore .

PRC : People’s Republic of China .

PREAMBLE : Introductory part of a contract or a charterparty .

PRE- SLING (TO) : To place goods in slings which are left in position and used for the loading to , and discharging from , a ship . This is a from of unit load the purpose of which is to simplify handling and increase the rate of loading and discharging .

PREMIUM : A fee Payable by The insured to the insurer in consideration of a contract of insurance .

Prima facie : Latin - On the first impression .

Pima facie case . :A case which initially seems to be true . see Prima facie .

PRINCIPAL : One to whom another , particulary an agent , is subordinate .

PROBO: Product /Ore/Bulk/Oil Carrier .

PRODUCT CARRIER : A tanker which is generally below 70,000 tons deadweight and used to carry refined oil products from the refinery to the consumer . In many cases four different grades of oil can be handled simultaneously .

PROMISSORY NOTE : A note promising to pay a certain person a stated sum on a specified date .

PROMPT : Immediate availability of the cargo or vessel offered in the charterparty or any other contract . similar to Spot.

PROPELLER : The screw of a ship .Abbrev . prop .

PRO RATA : In proportion .

PROTECTION AND INDEMNITY CLUB or PROTECTION AND INDEMNITY ASSOCIATION : ( P & I Club ) A mutual association formed by shipowners to provide protection from large financial loss to one member by contribution towards that loss by all members .The P&I Club covers liabilities not insurable by the shipowner in the running of his ship , such as cost of defending claims made by cargo owners .

PROTECTING AGENT : A person or company appointed by a shipowner to protect his interests and to supervise the work carried out by the ship’s agent when the owner’s ship is in port.

P&S : Port & Starboard ; Purchase & Sale .

P/ side : Port side .

PST or P.S.T. : Pacific Standard Time.

PX : Passenger .

PX SHIP : Passenger ship

Q

Q & A: Question & Answer

Q.C.IsI : Queen Charlotte Islands .

q.e. : Quod est Latin -That is to say; which is .

QFLAG : A small square yellow flag denoting that the master of a ship is requesting customs authority presence as he is not yet cleared and is under quarantine . Also called Quarantine Flag .

Qld : Queensland ,Australia.

QUANTUM VALEBANT : Latin - As much as the goods are worth .

QUANTUM VIS : Latin - As much as you will .

QUARANTINE : The act of keeping infectious diseases from spreading by putting the infected person or animal in isolation . For ship’s quarantine see Pratique . see also Qurarantine Restrictions .

QUARANTINE RESTRICTIONS : Restrictions imposed by the health authorities of a state as a precaution against the spreading of infectious diseases .

QUARTER -DECK : Better known as a raised quarter - deck which is an erection at the stern end of a ship to allow more cargo to be carried .

QUARTERLY TRADE ACCOUNTS :Accounts falling due during the end of March ,June, September and December of every year . Quarter - days are 25 March , 24 June 29 September and 25 December .

QUARTER WIND : A wind blowing at the back or rear of a ship . Also termed ‘Wind blowing on the Quarter side ’

QUAY : A solid structure alongside a navigable waterway used for the loading and discharging of ships . see Jetty and Mole .

QUICK TURN ROUND : A commercial term for a speedy loading and / or discharging operation .

QUINTAL : A weight of 100 kilograms . equal to 22 1/2 Ibs .

QUOTA : A quantity of goods which under government controls must be manufactured , exported , imported , ect ,.

QUOTATION : The amount stated as the current price of stocks or commodities .

QUOTE (TO) : As a charterer , to make known that a ship is sought for a particular cargo or , as a shipowner , to advertise the availability of his ship for charter .Most often this activity is carried out using the services of shipbrokers .

R

R or RCVD : Received

RACON : Radio Beacon Abbrev . R.Bn .

R & D : Research and Development .

RADIATION FOG : Fog mostly occurring over the land and formed through the heat emitted .

RANGE (Of ports ) :A series of ports normally on the same coast for example the Antwerp - Hamburg range .

RANGE OF VISIBILITY : The range of sight of the naked eye .

RATE : A frequently used term to mean rate of freight or freight rate .

RATE OF DISCHARGE : The number of tonnes of cargo discharged each day from a ship . such a provision is often included in the terms of a voyage charter .

RBC : Ready Berth Clause . similar to Whether in Berth or Not.

RCC & S or R.C.C..& S. : Riots Civil Commotions and Strikes .

Rcd : Received .

Rct : Receipt

RD or R.D.: Running Days

Reachable on Arrival : A charterparty term meaning that the Charterer , undertakes to provide a loading and / or discharging berth immediately on the ship’s arrival .

READY SHIP : When a ship is ready to receive or discharge her cargo .

REBATE : A refund or discount allowed on the payment of the services rendered . There are some shipping lines that give a rebate on freight earnings after a certain number of shipments .

RECEIVED FOR SHIPMENT BILL OF LADING : A bill of lading evidencing that goods have been received into the care of the carrier , but not yet loaded no board .

RECEIVER : The person or firm who receives the cargo at the place of destination in the contract of carrige .

REDELIVER (TO) : As a time charterer , to return a ship to the shipowner at the end of the period of the charter .

REEFER : Refrigerated Ship or Refrigerating Ship .

REFRIGERATED SHIP : A ship designed to carry goods requiring refrigeration , such as meat and fruit .

REGISTRATION : The recording of the ownership of a ship with the authorities of a country .

REGISTRO ITALIANO NAVALE : Italian ship classification society .

REMAINING ON BOARD : Said of the quanity of cargo or bunkers still on board a ship at a particular point of a voyage , for example , on sailing from one of the ports on her itinerary . Abbrev. ROB or R.O.B .

REPATRIATE : To send a seaman back to his country .

REPORTING DAY : The day when the Notice of Readiness is presented by the master of a ship to the agents or the charterers .

RESIDUE : Thar which remains after oil is pumped out of the tanker or that which is left after unloading bulk cargoes .

RETAILER : A seller of goods after buying them in gross from the wholesaler .

REVERSIBLE LAYTIME : A term used in a voyage charterparty to signify that the time allowed for loading may , at the charterer’s option , be added to the time allowed for discharging for the purpose of calculating demurrage or despatch .

RGE : Range .

RIDE ANCHOR or RIDING ANCHOR : A ship held fast against strong currents by both anchors .

RIGGING : Ropes and chains used to hold the masts , booms , etc ., of a vessel .

ROAD HAULAGE : The act of carrying goods by road transport .

ROADS or ROADSTEAD : An area in the sea , away from the shore and out of harbour where ships can safely lie at anchor.

ROLL - on/ ROLL- off : A system of loading and dischargine a ship whereby the cargo is driven on and off on ramps . A ship designed to handle cargo in this way is known as a roll - on roll - off ship , or ro- ro ship .

ROUND CHARTER : A charter conrtact for a round trip voyage , starting from one port , calling at others and ending at the original port of departure .

RPH or R.P.H. or r.p.h. : Revolutions Per Hour .

RPM or R.P.M. or r.p.m. : Revolutions Per Minute .

RU : Rumania Rumanian .

RUNNING DAYS : Also termed Running Hours,or consecutive Days , It is a charterparty term regarding the calculation of Laydays .Running days are consecutive days of 24 hours including week-ends and holidays Abbrev RD or R.D. or r.d.

RUS or RUSS : Russia ; Russian .

RYT or RYTX : Re Your telex .

S

S/A : Salvage Association .

SABAH : Part of Malaysia .

SADDLE TANKS : Side tanks used as ballast on a ship . These are usually constructed in bulk carriers to adjust the stability when light cargo is carried .

SAFCON or Safcon : Safety Construction Certificate .

SAFE WORKING LOAD : The maximum load which can safely be borne by a lifiting or hauling appliance , such as a crane or winch .

SAGGED : When the fore and aft of a ship become bent upwards , the main reason being too much weight concentration in the middle of the holds of the ship Opposite to Hogged .

SALVE (TO) : To save a ship , her equipment or cargo from loss or damage at sea .

SALVOR : A person performing a salvage operation .

S.Am or Amer : South America ; South American .

SAMPAN : A light Chinese boat .

SAUDI AR. : Saudi Arabia .

SB : Safe Berth .

SBT / PL SBT - PL : Protectively located segregated Ballast Tank . see Segregated Ballast Tank .

SC or SCAN : Scandinavia ; Scandinavian .

S & C : Shipper and Carrier .

SCANCON : Code name for a BIMCO charterparty for use with Scandinavian charterers .

SCNRT : Suez Canal Net Registered Ton.

Scot : Scotland .

SCOW : A Flat - bottomed boat square shaped at both sides mostly used as a barge or a lighter .

SCREW : Propeller of a ship.

SCUPPERS : Holes throughout the sides of a ship in line with the deck to allow seawater and rainwater to be washed overboard and leave the deck clear . Also termed Deck Drains .

SD 14 A standard design general cargo ship of about 14,000 tons d.w. popular for its running economy and adaptable for canals and port restrictions .

Sdg : Sounding .

SDR : Special Drawing Rights.

SDWT or S.D.W.T.: Summer Deadwight Tons.

SEABED : The bottom of the sea or ocean .

SEABORNE: Anything carried by a ship at sea .

SEA Canary : Sailor’s expression for a whale .

SEA DOG : An old experienced sailor .

SEAFARER : Sea traveller or sailor .

SEA LADDER : A rope ladder which is lowered down to sea level to pick up the pilot.

SEA LEVEL : Surface of the sea .

SEAMAN : A sailor epmloyed on a ship .

SEAQUAKE : An earthquake from under the sea

SEASICKNESS : Vomitting or the inclination to vomit caused by the motion of a ship .

SEASONAL PORTS : Ports which are only open at certain periods during the year, such as ports which are icebound in the winter season .

SEA SMOKE or FROST SMOKE : The cause of very cold air passing on to warm seawater areas. Water vapor rises from the sea forming this fog .

SEAWORTHINESS : The fitness of a ship to encounter the hazards of the sea with reasonable safety .

SEGREGATED BALLAST TANK : A tank in a tanker which is used for water ballast only . There is thus no risk of cargo being mixed with ballast with resulting pollution when the latter is pumped out .

Self - propelled Barge : A barge which has its own engine.

Self - trimming ship : A ship whose holds are shaped in such a way that the cargo levels itself .

Self 0- unloader : A bulk carrier which is equipped with gear for unloading cargo .

Senegal : West African republic .

SENTENCE : A Law court’s decision .Judgment .

SEQUESTRATION : The legal act of holding the property from its owner for the purpose of covering oneself for the recovery of debts, profits , satisfying claims ,etc. This is similar to Maritime Lien and Lien .

SETTLING TANKS : Ship’s fuel tanks constructed to separate contaminated oil prom water .

SEXTANT : An astronomical instrument by which the postion of the ship is traced on the charts Abbrev . Sext Or Sext Or Sxt.

SF or S.F. : Stowage Factor .

SHELLVOY: A standard form of charterparty to carry oil .

SHELTER -deck Ship or Shelter -decker : A ship which has a deck , called the shelter - deck , above her main deck .

SHEX or S.H.E.X. or S.Hex : A charter party phrase ; Sundays and Holidays Excepted .

SHIFT : To manoeuver or move from one berth to another or to shift from one port to another adjacent port .

SHIFTING CHARGES : Charges for moving a ship from one place to another within a port .

SHINC or S.H.I.N.C. or S.H.Inc : Sundays and Holidays included .

SHIP : A floating vessel which is self - propelled and capable of carrying cargo or passengers .

SHIPCHANDLER or SHIP CHANDLER : A merchant who supplies ships with stores and provisions .

SHIPMASTER or SHIP’S MASTER : Commander of a merchant ship .

SHIPOWNER : A person or firm that owns one or more ships .

SHIP’S GEAR : Crane(s) or derrick(s) fixed to the deck of a ship for loading and discharging cargo and / or stores and spares .

SHIP’S HUSBAND : A person employed by a shipowner to attend to the maintenance and repair of a ship .

SHIP’S MANIFEST : One of the essentials for a commercial ship to have Clearance Inwards and Outwards . The manifest gives a clear picture of the various cargoes loaded for every port .

SHIP’S PAPERS : These are a ship’s registry cartificate , bill of lading bill of health , charterparty ,log , and other documents which show the character of the ship and cargo.

SHIPYARD : A place where ships are built or repaired .

SHOOT LOOSE : To unload grains or other bulk cargo direct from a ship’s hold into barges or lighters.

SHORE GEAR : Cranes , situated on the quay , used for loading cargo to , or discharging cargo from , ships .

SHORTAGE : Non delivery of cargo or short delivery of cargo . Also termed Short Delivered . Abberv. Short .

Short Sea : Short distance international trade .Goods in this trade are carried by relatively small ships known as Short Sea Traders .

SHORT TIME CHARTER : A time charter of a vessel for a short period , say for 15/20 weeks.

SHORT TON : A weight of 2,000 Ibs . instead of the long ton of 2,240 Ibs . Also referred to as a net ton .

SICK BAY : Any cabin or compartment on a ship allocated for the treatment of casualties , sick passengers , officers and crew members .

SIDEREAL : Pertaining to the stars . A sidereal year is the time in which the earth makes one complete revolution around the sun .

Signal of Distress : An upsidedown flag displayed on a ship as a sign that she is in distress .

SIGNATORY : A person representing a company who signs documents or agreements on behalf of the company.

Sing : Singapore .

SINGLE DECK SHIP or SINGLE DECKER : A ship with one deck , i.e. with no horizontal divisions within the hold(s) . A bulk carrier is an example of a single deck ship .

SINGLE SCREW : A ship having one propeller .

SISTER SHIP : A ship with the same specification as another .

SITC or S.I.T.C. : Standard International Trade Classification .

SKD : Semi -Knocked Down .

SKIPPER : A sea captain , especially master of a small trading vessel .

SKYLIGHT : A window on decks or roofs to allow light through to the internal cabins, accommodations , engine rooms and rooms.

SLING : A rope or chain place around goods and attached to the hook of a crane for the purpose of loading and discharging . some rope slings incorporate a piece of canvas or wood to support the goods .

SLOPS : The residue of a ship’s cargo of oil together with the water used to clean the cargo tanks .

Slot : A compartment in the hold of a containership into which a shipping container fits exactly .Also referred to as a call .

S. Marino : San Marino

SMELLING THE BOTTOM : A nautical expression indicating vessel is manoeuvring in shallow waters .

SOLAS or S.O.L.A.S. : Safety of life at Sea The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea , 1974 .

SOLITARY : Referring to one set of Bill of Lading . when only one original bill of lading is issued .

SOUNDING ROD : A graduated wooden or metal rod which is used to ascertain the depth of water or fuel . sounding rods are commonly used to check the depth of fuel ,ballast , bilge tanks , water tanks , etc.

SP or S.P.: Safe Port .

SPIA : Shipowners’ Protection and Indemnity Association .

SPLASH : Sinking Platform Lighter Aboard Ship .

SPOT : A word commonly used to infer that a ship is available to load almost immediately .

SPOUT : A pipe which projects beyond the quay and over the hatchway of a ship and directs bulk cargoes such as grain into the hold.

SPOUT Trimmed : Said of a bulk cargo levelled in the hold(s) of a ship simply by moving the spout , which is used to load the cargo, to and fro.

SPRING TIDE : The highest range of tide during a new or full moon .

SSE or S.S.E.: South - South- East .

SSW or S.S.W.: South-South west .

STARBOARD : The right - hand side of a ship when facing the front or forward end . The starboard side of a ship during darkness is indicated by a green light .Abbrev. stbd . Opposite to port .

STATEMENT OF FACTS : A statement , perpared by the ship’s agent at the loading and discharging ports , which shows the dates and times of arrival of the ship and the commencement and completion of loading and discharging . It details the quantity of cargo loaded or discharged each day , the hours worked and the hours stopped with the reasons for the stoppages , such as bad weather a strike or breakdown of equipment .

STEM : The bows or forward part of a vessel opposite to Stern .

STERN : The rear , back or aft part of a ship. opposite to the bows or stem .

STERN GEAR : The general meaning for the propeller shaft .

STERNWAY : The reverse movement of a vessel .

STEVEDORES or STEVEDOREMENT : Port workers engaged in the stowage of cargo in the holds of a ship this may also mean contractors in general loading and discharging cargoes from ships .

STORM TIDE : An increased water level in consequence of a storm .

STOWAGE FACTOR : The ratio of a cargo’s cubic measurement to its weight , expressed in cubic feet to the ton or cubic metres to the tonne.

STOWAGE PLAN : A plan , in the form of a longitudinal cross - section of a ship , which shows the locations in the ship of all the consignments .

STRAIGHT BILL OF LADING : A Bill of glading which stipulates that the goods are to be delivered only to the named consignee . Opposite to Order Bill of lading.

STRAIT: A narrow passage of water connecting two seas or large bodies of water . Abbrev.str.

STRAND(TO) : Said of a ship ,TO cease moving as a result of touching the bottom .

STRENGTHENED HOLD : The hold of a ship whose tank top is reinforced carry dense cargoes such as ores .

STUFFING : The act of filling up a container with merchandise .

SUB - charterer : A person or company who charters a ship from a party who is not the owner but who , in turn , has chartered the ship .

SUBJECT STEM : Subject to the availability of the cargo on the date or dates on which a ship is offering to load .

SUB- let : The charter of a ship to one party by another party who is not the owner but who, in turn , has chartered the ship . Also referred to as a sub- charter .

SUBROGATION : The substitution of one person or thing for another , so that the same rights and duties as attached to the original person or thing attach to the substituted one .

SUBSTITUTE : A replacement ship for a particular voyage .

SUCTION ELEVATOR : A method of unloading bulk cargoes of grain from ships by pneumatic suction .

SUMMER FREEBOARD : The distance between the deck line and the appropriate load line for a ship in a summer zone .

SUMMER LOAD LINE : A line painted on the sides of a ship which shows the maximum depth to which that ship’s hull may be immersed when in a summer zone . The line is marked with an S.

SUPERCARGO: A person employed by a shipowner or shipping company or charterer of a ship or shipper of goods to supervise cargo handling operations .

SUPERSTRUCTURE : That part of a ship which is built on top of the upper deck .

SURCHARGE:An exrta charge imposed to cover insufficient or extraordinary expenses . Ex. A liner company makes a surcharge on the normal freight from London to a Mediterranean port due to congestion and heavy port expenses.

SURVEYOR : A person employed or engaged by a shipping association or private person to inspect cargoes ,ships ,etc. He may be a Lloyd’s Register surveyor who undertakes to inspect ships and issue the appropriate classification certificates .

SWA or S.W.A .: South west Africa .

SWAD or S.W.A.D.: Salt Water Arrival Draft .

SWBW or S.W.by.W.: South west by West .

SWIFT or S.W.I.F.T.: Society for Wordwide Inter - Bank Telecommunications .

Switz : Switzerland .

SWL or S.W.L.: Safe Working Load .

SYNACOMEX : A voyage charterparty,whose full name is the Continent Grain Charter Party , used for shipments of grain.

T

TAFFRAIL : A rail around the stern of a ship .

Tai : Taiwan .

TAIL SHAFT : The extreme section at the aft end of a ship’s propeller shaft .

T.A. ROUND : Transatlantic round voyage .

TALLY: The Physical count of the number of pieces of cargo loaded into ,or discharged from a ship.

TALLYMAN : A person engaged on board a merchant ship or alongside to check the number of packages loaded or offloaded and record any remarks after the final checking ; similar to Tally Clerk .

Tand / or CTL : Total and /or Constructive Total Loss .

TANK CONTAINER : A shipping container designed for the carriage of liquids .

TANK TOP : The floor of the hold , so called as it is the top of the double bottom tank .

TANKER : A ship designed for the carriage of liquid in bulk , her cargo space consisting of several , or indeed many , tanks .

Tanz: Tanzania.

TARE (WEIGHT ): The weight of packing or of a shipping container . This is deducted from the gross weight in order to obtain the net weight of the goods.

TAR/V or T.A.R./V : Trans - Atlantic Round Voyage .

Tas : Tasmania.

T.B.L or T.B/I : Through Bill of Lading .

TC or T.C. : Time Charter .

TCH or T.C.H.: Time charter Hire .

T.DKS : Tween Decks .

TDWAT or Tdwat or T.D.W.A.T. or t.d.w.a.t. : Tonnage Deadweight All Told or Told Deadwight All Told .

TERMINAL HANDLING CHARGE(T.H.C ) : A charge payable to a shipping line either for receiving a full container load at the container terminal , storing it and delivering it to the ship at the load port or for receiving it from the ship at the discharge port , storing it and delivering it to the consignee .

TEU : Twenty Foot Equivalent Unit .

TF or T.F.: Tropical Fresh Water , Loadline marking .

Thai : Thailand .

Thick weather : Weather conditions which cause extremely poor visibility due to fog , mist, rain, hail , etc.

Thieves : A shipping word for robbery at sea with violence.

THREE ISLAND SHIP : A ship with a forecastle , bridge and poop.

THROUGH BILL OF LADING : A bill of lading issued by a shipping line for a voyage requiring on - carriage , thus involving at least one transhipment.

THROUGH RATE : A freight rate which includes the ocean carriage , transhipment , if any , and on-carriage by a different means of transport to an inland destination .

TIDAL BERTHS or MUD BERTHS : Berths located in tidal harbours used by coasters and small tankers.

TIDE BOUND : When a ship is pervented from sailing or moving because of insufficient depth of water during low tide .

TIME BAR : The expiry of the period within which a lawsuit must be brought or arbitration commenced against a carrier for any claim under a contract of carriage . Normally , a claim which is the subject of a time bar will not succeed . This period is agreed in the contract of carriage and can be extended by agreement of the two parties .

TIME CHARTER (TO) : To hire a ship for a period of time . This may be said either of a shipowner , who hires his ship out to a charterer , or of a charterer who hires a ship from a shipowner .

TIME CHARTERPARTY : A document containing the terms and conditions of a contract between a charterer and a shipowner for the hire of a ship for a period of time .

TIME SHEET : A statement , draw up by the ship’s agent at the loading and dischrging ports , which details the time worked in loading or discharging the cargo together with the amount of laytime used .This latter figure , when compared with the time allowed in the voyage charterparty, is used by the shipowner and charterer to calculate demurrage or despatch , as the case may be .

TMV or T.M.V.: Tank Motor Vessel .

TOLLS : Dock and canal charges which are borne by shippers and not by the carriers .

TONNAGE :(1) A quantity of cargo , normally expressed as a number of tonnes or tons .(2) The cubic capacity of a ship . see Net Tonnage and Gross Tonnage . (3) The cargo capacity of all the ships of a country or of a paricular trade . Tonnage can also refer to availability of ships ,e.g. when a charterer asks if there is any tonnage available he is requesting a vessel to load cargo .

TONNE : A metric ton of 1,000 kilogrammes .

TONNER : A ship of a given deadweight . for example , a 2,000 tonner is a ship of 2,000 tonnes deadweight .

TONNES PER CENTIMETRE: A quantity ,for example of cargo or fuel, needed to immerse a ship one further centimetre .This quantity varies not only ship by ship but also according to the quantity already on board .

TONNES PER INCH : The quantity , for example of cargo or fuel , needed to immerse a ship one further inch .

TOP OFF (TO) : To fill a ship which is already partly loaded with cargo. This operation occurs when there is a draught restriction at the first load port or between there and the open sea.The ship loads a quantity of cargo corresponding to the permissible draught Then fills up at the second port where there is no restriction .

TOPSIDES: That part of the hull of a ship between the waterline and the deck . Abbrev.T/S or T.S.

TOP STOW CARGO : Goods which are stowed on top of all others in a ship’s hold because of their relatively low density and the probability that they would be damaged if overstowed .

TOTAL DAYS ALL PURPOSES : A charterparty term where in the total number of days are given to be used for both loading and dischrging .

TOW : (1) When one or more vessels are being towed ( 2) When a tug towing one or more floating object .(3) To pull an object in the water by means of a rope .

TOWAGE : Charges for the sevices of tugs assisting a ship or other vessels in ports or other locations.

TOWLINE : An extra heavy flexible Hawser or wire rope generally used for towing purposes Also called Towing Howser or Towrope .

TPC or T.P.C. : Tonne Per Centimeter Immersion .

TPCFW or T.P.C.F.W.: Ton Per Centimeter immersion in Freshwater .

TPI or T.P.I. or t.p.i .: Tons Per Inch Immersion .

TPNSD or T.P.N.S.D.: Theft ,Pilferage & Non and / or short Delivery marine insurance .

TRADING LIMITS : Geographical limits specified in a time charterparty outside which the charterer is not permitted to order the ship .

TRAMP (SHIP ) : A ship which will call at any port to carry whatever cargoes are available ,normally on the basis of a charter or part charter . Such a ship is the opposite of a Liner . ship which trades on a specific route between advertised ports .

TRANSHIPENT : The transfer of goods from one ship to another . This transfer may be direct or it may be necessary to discharge the goods on to the quay Prior to loading them on to the second ship , or on to vehicles should the second ship be loading at a different berth .

TREAD : The length of the keel of a ship

TRIM : The relationship between a ship’s draughts forward and aft .

TRIMMED BY THE HEAD : Said of a ship whose draught forward is slightly deeper than her draught aft . This often makes the handling of the ship difficult at sea . Also referred to as down by the head .

TRIP CHARTER : The time charter of a ship for one specific trip , rather than for a period of time .Also used occasionally to mean a voyage charter .

TROPICAL DRAUGHT : The depth of water to which a ship may be immersed in a tropical zone as indicated by the tropical load line painted on the side of the ship in accordance with load line regulations .

TROPICAL FREEBOARD : The distance between the deck line and the appropriate load line for a ship in a tropical zone .

TROPICAL FRESH WATER LOAD LINE : A line painted on the sides of a ship which shows the maximum depth to which that ship’s hull may be immersed when in fresh water in a tropical zone . The line is marked TF .

TROPICAL LOAD LINE :A line painted on the sides of a ship which shows the maximum depth to which that ship’s hull may be immersed when in a tropical zone.The line is marked T.

TROPICAL ZONE : One of several geographical areas, defined by the International Conference on Load Lines , where a ship’s hull may be immersed no deeper than her tropical load line.

TRUCK : A wooden disc at the top of a mast with holes for halyards .

TRUCK TO KEEL : From the extreme top of a vessel to the extreme bottom. Also termed Mast Top to Keel .

TRUSTS : In the commercial sense , these are organised associations of several companies for the purpose of defeating competition , etc ., the shareholders in each transferring all or most of the stock to a central committee and losing their voting power while remaining entitled to profits

TSG :Tanker Safety Guide prepared by the International Chamber of Commerce .

TTL or Ttl : Total .

TUG or TUGBOAT : A comparatively small vessel with powerful engines and constructed in such a way as to be able to manoeuvre easily for towage and / or to assist in salvage operations at sea . She can easily move about in restricted port area to assist large vessels entering and leaving harbours , lakes , rivers and other navigational waterways . There are also tugs towing powerless barges , lighters and small craft . Also called Tow Boat .

Tun : Tunis ; Tunisia.

Turk : Turkey ; Turkish

TURN ROUND TIME or TURNROUND time or TURNAROUND time : The time between a ship arriving in a port and sailing .

TURN time : The time during which a ship waits for a berth .

TWEEN : Between .

TWEEN DECK : A deck which separates the hold of a ship into two , making an upper and a lower hold .

TWEEN DECK SHIP or TWEEN DECKER : A ship with two decks of which the upper one is the main deck .

TWIMC or T.W.I.M.C.: To whom it may concern.

TYPHOON : A hurricane in the China Seas occuring especially from july to october .

U

U.DK.: Upperdeck .

UK or U.K.: United Kingdom.

UK/C or U.K/cont . United Kingdom and / or Continent - relating to a range of ports of call for loading and /or dischargling in a charterparty .

UK/C(BH)or U.K. cont.BH: United Kingdom and / or Continent , Bordeaux / Hamburg Range -- a chrterparty term in connection with the range of loading / discharging ports .

ULLAGE : The height of the space in a cargo tank above the surface of the liquid cargo . This distance is used to calculate the volume of liquid in the tank .

ULTRA LARGE CRUDE CARRIER : A giant tanker of no official size but variously described as of no offical size but variously described as being one between 350,000 tonnes deadweight and 550,000 tonnes deadwight Abbrev.ULCCor U.L.C.C.

UMPIRE : In the legal sense , an umpire is a third person called in to decide between arbitrators who disagree .

UNCFA or U.N.C.F.A.: United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture.

UNCITRAL or U.N.C.I.T.R.A.L . : United Nations Commission on International Trade Law.

UNCLEAN BILL OF LADING : A bill of lading containing one , or more than one , superimposed clause specifying a defect to the cargo or packing , noted at the time the goods are received by the ship . Such a bill of lading is also referred to as foul or dirty .

UNCTAD or U.N.C.T.A.D.: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development .

UNDER - CONSUMPTION :The amount of fuel used per day or over a period of time by a ship which is less than the amount expected or agreed .

UNDERLAP :When a chartered vessel is delivered to the charterers by the owners before the stipulated time of agreement .

UNDERWAY : Said when a ship is moving and is not at anchor .

UNDERWRITER: One who agrees to compensate another person for loss from an insured peril in consideration of payment of a premium .

UNESCO or U.N.E.S.C.O.: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisition .

UNFAO or U.N.F.A.O.: United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation . commonly Known as FAO .

UNICEF or U.N.I.C.E.F .: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund.

UNIDO or U.N.I.D.O.: United Nations Industrial Development Organisation.

UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE: Documentry credit forms enacted by the International Chamber of Commerce . Abbrev . UCP.

UNITIZATION : The grouping of goods for shipment into a unit of regular size , known as a unit load .

UNIVERSAL BULK CARRIER : A ship designed to carry all types of bulk cargoes . Her size and draught enable her to enter most ports.

UNLESS USED : A charterparty term which provides that a proportion ,normally all or half , of time used to load or discharge , as the case may be , during excepted periods counts for the purpose of calculating total time used .

UNSEAWORTHINESS : Unfitness of a ship for a particular voyage with a particular cargo . This could be , for examle , as a result of insufficiency of crew stores or fuel , machinery or equipment not being in good repair or unfitness to receive or carry the cargo .

UNSEAWORTHY : Said of a ship , unfit for a particular voyage with a particular cargo.

UNSTUFFING : Removing merchandise out of a countainer .

Urug : Uruguay .

USEC or U.S.E.C.: United States East Coast .

USGP or U.S.G.P.: United states Gulf Ports.

USNS or U.S.N.S : United States Navy Ships .

USPCP or U.S.P.C.P.: United States Pacific Coast Ports .

USSR or U.S.S.R.: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics .

USTV or U.S.T.V.: Ulrta Shallow Draft ( Draught )Vessel .

USWC or U.S.W.C.: United States West Coast .

UTILIZATION : The quantity of cargo which can be loaded into a shipping container.

UU : Unless Used .

V

Vanc : Vancouver , canada.

V/C : Voyage Charter

Ven or Venez : Venezuela .

VENDOR : One who sells anything , especially land . In the case of goods he is usually called a seller .

VENTILATE (TO) : To introduce fresh air into the hold of a ship by means of a ventilator on deck or by opening the hatches or by means of a mechanical system . The purpose of ventilating is to prevent condensation .

VERMIN : In shipping this is expressly applied to the infestation of rats , mice and to a lesser degree cockroaches .

VERTICAL CENTRE OF GRAVITY : The height of the centre of gravity from the keel of a ship .Abbrev . VCG or V.C.G.

VERY LARGE CRUDE CARRIER : A large tanker of no official size but variously described as being one between 100,000 tonnes deadweight and 350,000 tonnes deaweight . Abbrev .VLCC or V.L.C.C.

VESSEL : A general marine word for all types of floating craft with or without power .

VHLV : Very Heavy Lift Vessel with jumbo derricks or cranes .

VIA : Through ; By way of .

VIDE : Latin -- see .

VIDE INFRA : Latin -- see below .

VIDE SUPRA : Latin - see above .

VLBC or V.L.B.C.: Very large Bulk Carrier .

VLGC or V.L.G.C.: Very Large Gas Carrier .

VLPC or V.L.P.C.: Very Large Pproduct Carrier .

VOLATILE LIQUIDS : Commodities which lose some weight or volume through evaporation Such commodities include tallow , coal , coke, turpentine ,spirits , etc.

VOLCOA : Code mane for a Bimco Standard Volume Contract of Affrightment for the transportation of dry dulk cargoes .

VOUCHER : A document , such as a recipt, which supports an item on the disbursements account rendered to the shopowner by the ship’s agent at a port .

Voy : Voyage .

VOYAGE ACCOUNT : A statement of the costs and revenue of a voyage of a ship made after the voyage is completed when the income and all actual costs are known .

VOYAGE CHARTER : A contract of carriage in which the charterer pays for the use of a ship’s cargo space for one , or sometimes more than one , voyage .

VOYAGE ESTIMATE : A Calculation of The Profitability of a Prospective voyage of a ship using estimated figures . In the case of a tramp shipowner, the estimate is used to compare two or more possible voyages in order to determine which is the most profitable . Similarly , a time charterer would compare two or more ships so as to charter the one which is least costly overal .The content of an estimate varies according to the type and terms of the charter and whether the calculation is being made by a shipowner or charterer . The principal costs are the running cost of the ship ( or hire money for a time charterer ) , bunker costs , port charges and canal dues together with ship’s agency fees and any cargo handilng costs . The revenue is the daily hire , in the case of a time charter , or the freight , less any commission .

VSE : Vancouver Stock Exchange .

Vsl. : VESSEL .

W

WA or W.A.: West Africa .

W.A. CLAUSES : Institute Cargo Clauses With Average .

WAGES , STORES , PROVISIONS AND INSURANCE: A shipping term referring to the Running Expenses of the ship .Abbrev . WSPI or W.S.P.I.

WAIVE : To reject an advantage or benefit .

WAKE : A Strip of smooth water left behind a moving ship .

WALKING BOSS : A Ship’s superintendent or ship’s inspector .

WALL SIDED : A flat - bottomed ship .

WANING MOON : The gradual diminishing of the moon in size and illumination after full moon . opposited to Waxing Moon .

WARP : To draw or pull a heavy object along by a cable coiled around a windlass ; to shift a ship by means of her mooring ropes .

WARPS : Mooring ropes of any type used to manoeuvre or to moor a ship .

WATER BALLAST : A Heavy weight of water , usually sea water , carried by a ship when she is without cargo in order to provide stability and safety at sea .

WATER DENSITY : The ratio of the weight of water to its volume . This ranges from 1,000 kilogramnes per cubic meter for fresh water to 1,026 kilogramnes for sea water , with braskish water in between .

WATER MARKS : Scales in feet or metres marked on each side of a ship in a position fore and aft as well as mid-ship . These marlcing show the draft ( draught ) she maintains in accordance with the Load Line .

W. AUS or W.Aus :Western Australia.

WAVE CREST : The highest part of a wave .

WAVE HOLLOW : The trough or valley - shaped form produced by two waves .

WAXING MOON : The phase of the moon prior to becoming full moon .

WB or W.B. or W/B: Water Ballast .

WB/EI or W.B/E.I.: West Britain / East Ireland , ports of call range in a charterparty .

W.b.n. or W.byN .: West by North .

W.b.s. or W.by s .: West by south.

WCA or W.C.A.: West Coast of Africa ; workman compensation Acts.

WCE or W.C.E.: West Coast of England .

WCNA or W.C.N.A.: West coast of North Amercia .

WCP or W.C.P.: West Canadian Ports .

WCSA or W.C.S.A .: West Coast South Amercia .

WCUK or W.C.U.K .: West Coast United Kingdom.

WCUSA or W.C.U.S.A.: West Coast of the United States of Amercia .

WEATHERBOUND : Said of a ship which is unable to sail from a port or place because the severity of the weather would make sailing sunsafe .

WEATHER PERMITTING : A term used in a voyage charter to signify that laytime does not count when weather conditions do not allow loading or discharging operations to be carried out

WEATHER WORKING DAY : A day on which work is normally carried out at a port and which counts as laytime unless loading or discharging would have ceased because of bad weather .

WECCON or W.E.C.C.O.N .: Whether Entered Customs Clearance or Not . simialr or Whether Cleared at Customs House or Not .

WEEPING : A shipping expression referring to slight leakage .

WEIGH : The act of lifting the anchor .

WEIGH ANCHOR : To lift the anchor from its anchorage . Oppisite to Cast Anchor or Drop Anchor .

WET WEIGHT : The weight of a bulk cargo including its moisture conternt .

WEU or W.E.U.: Western European Union .

W.Ger. : West Germany .

WHARF : A structure built alongside water where ships moor to load and / or unload merchandise , embark / disembark passengers or take Bunkers . Abbrev . Wf or Whf .

WHARFAGE : Charges payable by cargo interests for the use of a wharf .

WHETHER IN BERTH OR NOT : Provision in a voyage charter that , once the ship has arrived at the port and tendered notice of readiness , if required , laytimewill start to count in accordance with the charterparty whether or not the ship has reached the berth .

WHETHER IN FREE PRATIQUE OR NOT : Provision in a voyage charter that , once the ship has arrived at the port and tendered notice of readiness , if required , laytime will start to count in accordance with the charterparty whether or not pratique has been granted by the authorities.

WHETHER IN PORT OR NOT : Provision in a voyage charter that the ship does not need to be within the port limits for laytime to start to count . she need only arrive at the anchorage,if outside the port , and tender notice of readiness , if required , for laytime to start to count in accordance with the charterparty .

WHOLESALE : The act of buying or selling in bulk ,or in large quantities , to be sold on a retail basis .

WIDE / LAYCAN : A large spread of dates between the first of the laydays and the last. A shipowner may offer his ship with a wide laycan in order to minimise the risk of the ship arriving after the cancelling date which would normally give the charterer the right to cancel the charter .

WINDLASS : A machine for hauling or hoisting on a wheel and axel principle . A windlass is usually positioned at the fore part of a ship in order to deal with the anchor(s) and chain cables .

WING : The side of a ship’s hold .

WINTER LOAD LINE : A line painted on the sides of a ship which shows the maximum depth to which that ship’s hull may be immersed when in a winter zone . Also referred to as winter marks . The line is marked W.

WINTER NORTH ATLANTIC LOAD LINE : A line painted on the sides of a ship which shows the maximum depth to which that ship’s hull may be immersed when in one of the North Atlantic winter seasonal zones .The line is marked WNA .

WITHOUT GUARANTEE : This term is often found in telexes or cables containing details of ships offered on time charter and qualifies , for example , the speed of the ship , designating that this figure is given without commitment Abbrev . WOG or W.O.G.

WITHOUT PREJUDICE : A phrase used in offers ,in order to guard against any waiver of right; also for the purpose of negotiating a compromise .

WNW or W.N.W.: West North West .

WORKING DAY : A day when normal working is carried out in a port .Abbrev . WD or W.D. or W/D .

WORKING DAY OF 24 CONSECUTIVE HOURS : A working day which equates to one layday . The work consecutive was introduced after it was ruled in court that a working day of 24 hours might be considered as more than one layday according to the length of normal working time each day in a port .

WORKING TIME SAVED : A charterparty term used to define one method by which despatch money is calculated , that is ,by deducting laytime used from laytime allowed .

WP or W.P.: Weather Permitting.

WRITE - OFF : A book- keeping expression referring to the transfer of debts unlikely to be settled to the debit side of the profit and loss account .

WSW. or W.S.W.: West South West.

W.T.D. : Watertight Door(s) .

WW: Worldwide.

WWD or W.W.D.: Weather Working Days .

Y

Y.A. or Y/A or Y.A.R : York Antwerp Rules .

YORK - ANTWERP RULES : A set of rules , agreed upon and amended at several international conventions , which governs general average ,what losses are allowable , who is required to contribute and the method of calculating the loss .These rules have not been given the force of law but are incorporated into many contracts of carriage by agreement of the parties . Abbrev. Y-Ar or Y.A. or Y/A or Y.A.R.

YORKS : Yorkshire ,UK.

ys .: Yugoslavia.

Z

Zag : Zagreb ,Yugoslavia.

Zam : Zambia .

ZC or Z.C.: Register of shipping of the peoples’s Republic of china.

ZONE TIME : Local time for any longitude . as opposed to Greenwich time .Abbrev .Z.T.

Zur : Zurich , Switzerland.